Politics

political blog

Modern Political Theory — Final

Political Division Facing

Our Contemporary World

In a world dominated by western ideology, economic power, and political clout, saturation of international political diversity is at a minimum. Counties are no longer individual entities but rather extensions of their GDP, political alignment and proximity to global hegemons. This myopic version of international diversity is perpetuated through turbulence among western hegemons and developing nations along the fault lines of divergent political ideology and global class struggle.

The majority [if not all] of international conflict is due to dissimilarity in fundamental political ideologies. In the context of east versus west, Islamized countries such as Iran are in constant conflict with democratic western philosophy. Since the ousting of the Shah in 1979 and the institution of a theocratic government led by the Ayatollah, Iran has been at odds with the western world.

In Good & Evil, Nietzsche writes that “good is merely a concept of social stratification which nobility employed in order to further segregate society,”[1] this same line of thinking can be applied to the concept of the first and third worlds. The United States or the ‘nobility’ have labeled Iran or the ‘peasant’ as the ‘third world,’ introducing a black and white paradigm, to which the entire world must now adhere, or face the socio-economic consequences. Not only does this system promote a uni-polar world where global hegemony reigns supreme, but also, sets in stone the western democratic model as ‘good’ and the eastern theocratic system as ‘bad’ – in other words it creates a template with which like minded countries must choose the lesser of two evils.

It is through this brand of international policy that the global hegemons hold developing nations at gunpoint. “When a consciousness sees another consciousness, it does not recognize it, but rather, recognizes itself in it.”[2] World leaders vindicate Hegel’s point to the extreme. A system of governance is graded on how similar or dissimilar it is to the democratic, capitalist system of the west, not through its own merits. In order for smaller countries to gain the aide, support and recognition required they must appease western paragons of power, and through this recognition the west retains its international status and continues to subjugate the third world.

The issue is one of interpretation and spin, not fact. In Weber’s Science as a Vocation, he states that one of the major differences between Germany and the United States [in the educational system] is one of values. “In the US students lack respect for the system and instead prioritize the individual, his research, and his accomplishments above his teaching style.”[3] This case study can be applied to how the United States, and the west as a whole, deals with developing nations and their governments. This trend of alienation and non-recognition in regards to grass roots political movements act as a proverbial boomerang – the west throws it away with only instant gratification in mind just for it to come back years later and hit them when they least expect it. In the 1950s when the Iranians went through their peoples nationalist revolution with Mohammed Mussedeq at the forefront, a leader of western teachings who wanted democracy, autonomy and an increase in the standard of living for his people. The United States refused to deal with him and preemptively ended his political career choosing instead to re-instate the Pahlavi dynasty with Reza Shahs son, Muhammad Reza Shah at the helm. The consequences of this action still reverberate on the international political playing fields of modern day. With the rise of a vehemently anti-west Islamic state in every respect, the United States has single handedly locked itself out from one of the top five petrol and natural gas powers in the world.

The irony surrounding situations similar to that of Iran saturate the history of global hegemons, ultimately resulting in their demise. The west, unwavering in its stance against the spread of militant Islam, communism, and anything non-democratic lack the wherewithal and foresight to see the hypocrisy in their own ways. Instead they choose to parade around under the false pretense of sharing global rights, freedoms, and ‘free’ democratic process with the oppressed peoples of the world. But what is democracy doing differently than other political systems. In the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx says that one of the primary concerns of the Communist way of life is to “spread, settle, and establish connections to societies everywhere,”[4] isn’t that exactly what western style democracy is trying to do? This quirk of faith only builds when you consider some of the illegitimate regimes the United States in particular chooses to back. The military despot Hosni Mubarak in Egypt, the pugnacious prime minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu and the list goes on. It’s no large stretch to see why anti-western sentiment is growing at such voracious rates in the backwaters of the world.

The growing rift between east and west due to variation in political ideology, economic system and the bad blood of the past continues to elucidate the state of world power stratification. With the decline of classical imperialism the west had to reinvent itself in order to continue the subjugation of the east, the method, neo-imperialism brought to you on the wings of capitalism. Through this optic of economic dominance the west has maintained the global class structure for centuries.

In a global community run by coalitions such as the European Union, the bares to entry for young nations are vast and completely dependent on your relationships with political power houses and the state of your economy. Alliances are no longer forged in blood but rather in mutual trade agreements. As Marx said, “the move towards capitalism has robbed nations of their identities.”[5] This ‘lack of identity’ that Marx alludes to is the east versus west, master versus slave relationship strata, in which the east must give something to the west in order to get something, which in this case is recognition.

The move from quality to economic quantity is and has been, a western staple for quite some time at the domestic as well as international levels. In Science as a Vocation, Weber talks about the shift in academia towards education as a ‘business.’ Despite all of the negatives that revolve around it Weber sadly concludes, “Germany is moving closer towards a style of education similar to that of the United States”[6] where as Marx would say, “cash is king.” This academic model can be directly applied to the shift in global class struggle and its economic coefficient. Despite the pros of foreign systems, in order to remain competitive and relevant in the global higherarchial system some cons of the western world must be absorbed. The fallout of this however is that minor detriments to the United States with its booming economy can lead to catastrophic economic failure in a smaller model where every penny counts. In other words, the rigidity of the global economic system isn’t malleable enough to accommodate most developing nations.

Hegel’s diagnosis of the self-consciousness and master-slave relations can shed light on the state of global class struggle at the national level. “Self-consciousness is in it for itself, in that it exists for another consciousnesses acknowledgement.”[7] Similar to self-consciousness countries outside of the traditional global hegemon political structure seeks recognition in order to become part of club, but this comes at a cost. In order to be recognized by the west the ‘undeveloped’ ‘third world’ country must adhere to the role of ‘slave’ in the master-slave dynamic. This can manifest itself in the form of favorable trade agreements, semi-autonomous swaths of land for military bases etc.

The paradox in this power system Hegel articulates is that even though “the master is a consciousness that exists only for itself, it must be recognized by those it subjugates in order to prove its own existence.”[8] This distinction is made clear in 1st 3rd world wealth extrapolation. The west with all of its power doesn’t require the wealth of the east but, once it has assimilated a country into its economic system, the new country must continue to play ball by the hegemons rules in order to reify its higherarchial positioning. In this way the slave has more relative freedom from the master because it requires nothing from the master in order to perform its duties, it is a non-reliant entity.

The reverse Robin Hood system of the west in which, wealth is extrapolated from the pawns into the hands of hegemons isn’t going anywhere anytime soon, but there are ways in which both the west and east can improve that could be mutually beneficial.

Slowly but surely the world is moving away from the uni-polar power structure of western hegemony towards a multi-polar, more diverse political strata. This change is largely due to the increasing scarcity of finite resources such as coal, petrol and natural gas. Recognizing this, the west would do well to start moving in the direction of global cooperation, regardless of political ideology, economic standing or falling outs of the past. Cross-nation development of energy sharing, conservation, and efficient production should be the focus of modern super powers where the course of global power rushes not through military and economic might but rather, petrol pipelines. Only through the true democratic process as it was originally intended, a revitalized view of east v. west political ideology, and true acceptance of international diversity can the west continue its stint at the top of the political system.


[1] Good & Evil, Nietzsche, Essay 1, Section 2

[2] Self-Conscious, Hegel, Section 179

[3] Science as a Vocation, Weber

[4] The Communist Manifesto, Marx & Engels, Chapters 1 & 2

[5] The Communist Manifesto, Marx & Engels, Chapter 2

[6] Science as a Vocation, Weber

[7] Self-Consciousness, Hegel, Section 178

[8] Self-Consciousness, Hegel, Section 190

Points of Attention

Geo-Strategic Importance of Egypt

#1: Suez Canal

The Suez Canal is arguably the most important factor contributing to the geo-strategic significance of Egypt. Before its creation the only way to traverse the continent was to travel around the cape of Agulhas; which, in addition to increased travel times, also exposes freighters to piracy (Somalia) which has become an increasing issue over the past decade.  In regards to the volume, the Suez Canal handles 10% of the worlds [sea bound] trade annually. That 10% of trade includes more than 2/3′s of Europe’s oil supplies (more even with the recent turmoil in Georgia). Egyptian domestic policy also stresses the importance of the canal due to the contribution of $350-450M annually.

#2: Foreign Investment & Mubarak Regime

As oppressive and backwards as the Mubarak regime might be his “liberal” economic policies have spurred confidence from western investors which is crucial to the viability of the Egyptian economy. The economic viability of Egypt is of great importance to the world as a whole especially since its one of a very select few who recognize Israel (Egypt – Israel peace treaty). With the presidential elections looming, and the Egyptian public protesting — its no stretch to imagine how investors are feeling, worried.

Outside of the private sector, Egypt is one of the major recipients of US foreign aid receiving $455M in economic assistance in 2007. Yet, instability of the government has had a direct effect with regard to aid.In 2009 alone the US cut $200M from their Egyptian economic aid package to $200M. The potential consequences for Egypt could be dire.

#3: Moving towards a multi-polar world
Globally speaking we have been moving further away from the uni-polar model/global hegemony, towards a multi-polar world where leaders will emerge as representatives of mutli-country coalitions. Egypt being the historical center of Pan-Arabism in the days of Nasser could be an integral piece to the puzzle of middle eastern solidarity/peace. Although the thought of a United Arab Nation has long since gone by the wayside the intrinsic power infused within it visa-vi the Nasser days still resonates with the Arab people… it just needs the right man. That man is not Gamal Mubarak or ElBaradei — he is a man yet to be determined… a second coming of Nasser if you will.

I hate to be a subscriber to the “great man” theory but Egypt is in dire need of leadership it can be proud of and can unite the waring factions that have become so pervasive in the past century.

IN SUMMARY

Egypt might not have an over abundance of oil, but it’s a very strategically important country. It contains the Suez Canal, a choke point of international trade for Asia and the West as well as the Middle East. It has historically wielded significant influence within the Islamic world, though recent decades have seen it eclispsed by Saudi Arabia and Iran. In addition to its well known border with Israel, it also borders on Sudan and Libya, and has the potential to play a major role for good or ill in both of those countries’ futures. See this u.s. State Dept. profile.

On the military front, Egypt currently has a large and well equipped army, thanks to over $38 billion of u.s. military aid it has received as a result of the 1978 Camp David Accordthat brought peace with Israel and converted Egypt from a Soviet client state to a u.s.ally. This equipment includes locally-produced M-1 tanks, as well as F-16 fighter planes, Hawkeye awacs radars, mlrs rocket launchers, Patriot and Stinger missiles, etc. French, British, Chinese, and even North Korean weapons can also be found in Egypt’s armed forces.

How will that army and equipment be used in future? To enhance regional and global security, or to damage it? That depends in part on the wisdom of our choices.